La vinculación entre agentes heterogéneos para la producción de conocimiento e innovación The link between heterogeneous agents for the production of knowledge and innovation

The aim of this article is to show the link between heterogeneous agents (University or Higher Education Institutions, business, Government, intermediate bodies, civil society), for the production of knowledge and innovation, due to the demands of globalization and international trends, are phenomena that require changes ever more urgent, a viable alternative, such as the strengthening of innovative collaboration structures. Addresses some successful cases of linking heterogeneous agents in the international context and the perception of the building of linkages in Mexico. Revista Iberoamericana para la Investigación y el Desarrollo Educativo ISSN 2007 7467 Vol. 5, Núm. 10 Enero – Junio 2015 RIDE


Introduction
The theme of this research has acquired great relevance in recent years, due to globalization, the international demands and trends, are phenomena that require changes ever more urgent, a viable alternative, as the strengthening of innovative structures for collaboration between heterogeneous agents that involves the University-IndustryGovernment and even to civil society and intermediate agents, as main source for economic growth of a country, this type of collaboration or linkages of heterogeneous agents from the years 90´s have been expressed as the second academic revolution (Etzkowitz, Webster, & Healey, 1998), since the first academic revolution was characterized only between teaching and research, meanwhile this second academic revolution would mean a knowledge capitalization and recently spoken of a "third academic revolution" (Rickne, Laestadius, & Etzkowitz, 2013), in which the University plays a crucial role not only as a generator, but also as a transmitter of knowledge to the productive and social sectors, in other words, the University its function is to contribute to economic and social development through transfer of technology, scientific knowledge and innovation, so that it is valuable to analyze successful cases of linking heterogeneous agents internationally on the form that has been given the linkage comprising the triple helix -University-Industry-Government-model, a model that coined Etzkowitz & Leydesdorff, (1995), which has been implemented in developing countries for economic growth, which you can taken to the Mexican context, because it seems that Mexico is still in its infancy.
It notes that recently in the National Development Plan (NDP-2007-2012NDP 2013-2018), both issued in different presidential administrations by the government of the Mexican Republic, have scored some key points about the importance of higher education institutions (IES) to get involved in the activities of productive and social sector, however it is perceived that is still under construction this type of interaction between heterogeneous agents, as the authors note (Cabrero & Orihuela, 2012) in the National Survey Institutional Linking (ENAVI) in 2010, there is a weakness in that HEI involved in productive activities in the productive and social sector, in this sense other crucial points that are still pending is the lack detonate some institutional policy of strong linkage to guide this process of linking academia, the productive sector and the government and consequently innovation, where innovation is another of the "pending" in Mexico as in developed countries, innovation is generated and applied as a decree, as mentioned in the international literature for regions to be competitive, you have to create innovation and transfer of scientific and technological knowledge via cooperation or bonding, to this problem the following question proceeded to develop What It is what inhibits the construction of networks and strategic alliances between heterogeneous agents to generate knowledge and innovation in Mexico?This question will be answered along the article.
The methodology of this investigation stems from a review of literature, analyzed various international, national and regional authors, and also plans and programs of education, just as the law of science and technology and innovation in Mexico was revised, in order to know the relationship between heterogeneous agents, so as to achieve reaching detonate innovation, also successful cases of linking based on the Triple Helix model, reflecting strong best practices that have been used in the addresses developing countries and which may serve to developed countries such as Mexico.
The article is divided into 5 sections; The first section is the introduction where roughly explains the problems you have in Mexico and the type of methodology, section two reviewing detailed specialized literature taking into account the triple helix model as a linking strategy In paragraph three successful cases of linking is addressed referring this model of the triple helix and section four some attempts to build collaborative networks of heterogeneous agents in Mexico and in the final section points out some conclusions that rotates addresses environment linkage between heterogeneous agents.
In this regard it is considered transcendental use of an alternative model, who has served in developing countries to build heterogeneous agents in the production of knowledge and innovation is the model "triple helix" which includes the university, the company and the government, Etzkowitz and Leydessdorff in the 90s.This model assumes triplex mode 1 and mode 2 Gibbons in the 90 years of the twentieth century, a period of time that has been discussed in recent years as a way to identify knowledge production and consequently generating innovation In this sense a new way aiming.Mode 3 knowledge production (Carayannis, Barth, & Campbell, 2012;Acosta & Carreño, 2013), which goes beyond a simple relationship between universities and businesses, is committed to civil society as a fourth helix care the natural environment as fivefold helix, see Table 1.
In this sense authors like Acosta & Carreno (2013) in its conclusions relating to Mode 3, effectively bet on a propeller quadruple and quintuple propeller that can be pronounced as transcultural, that is, not enough mode 1 diciplinar and mode 2 trasdiciplinar but need to include other forms of knowledge to solve problems of social actors, and the natural environment or the care of the natural environment, you bet to Community Innovation (rederes collaboration between heterogeneous agents).
The triple helix model is intended that the shares of the University is a creator of knowledge and strengthening of human capital, which plays a key role in the relationship between industry and government and how they are developed to create the innovation among the triad, such as creating knowledge source (Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff, 1995).It is a oriented intellectual process viewer evolving relationship between the university and society, characterized by the intervention of the university in economic and social processes already mentioned Vessuri (2008), higher education and research are the way forward for global development.It also provides a link between the disciplines and knowledge, where the university has a strategic role and is the basis for generating relations with the company (Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff, 2000), another of the slopes factors in the knowledge economy is precisely the link between science and technology for economic development (Canales, 2011), ie, on the agendas of government has been a priority science, technology and innovation in developed countries.
That's why the triple helix model seeks the complexity of the concept of partnership, taking into account the environment in which the relationship between liaison officers based or heterogeneous, so Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff (2000) proposed three different aspects evolution of the Triple Helix, which have already referred to some authors in their research (Etzkowitz, 2002;Farinha & Ferreira, 2011) perspective on innovation processes (Casalet, 2012), which have focused the attention of researchers and policy makers of innovation, is to the fact that knowledge of the economic value requires the intervention of the actors in areas previously considered separate and unrelated: the academic world (IES, research centers, laboratories etc.), industry (employers) and government agencies.Etzkowitz (2008) notes that the relationship between these helices have a focus on innovation --a innovation that derives from the university-industry-government-thanks to these hybrid or heterogeneous elements fill the gaps in the process of technology transfer system and aim at innovation.This phenomenon is discussed in the Triple Helix model as an evolutionary co-interactive network, which helps at all stages of the innovation process and development (Penksa, 2010;Geels, 2005).
That's why Etzkowitz (2008) traces the paths to the triple helix, where a reciprocal agreement signed by the university, industry and government is built.For example, these agreements could be a council of technology or creating a center of excellence as part of this agreement, each sector contributes according to their traditional roles, for example: the university provides education and research, financial resources and government incentives and regulatory reform or the rules of the game (Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff 2000), the company provides the means for the commercialization of research and development (Penksa, 2010).
In the model of the triple helix twist changes since the production of new knowledge and technology becomes more important (Etzkowitz 2008).The strategy then focuses on improving the production of knowledge to create and improve the "stock" of intellectual capital, whether that occurs through R & D in universities, in government or company laboratories.It implied that the cooperation between heterogeneous agents explicitly recognizes the importance and involvement of higher education for innovation (Rickne, Laestadius and Etzkowitz, 2013), however there is a new addition of knowledge became the basis for the creation of star spin off or up (start-ups), which is replaced in the center of the spiral of the university and other knowledge institutions that may arise.

Vol. 5, Núm. 10 Enero -Junio 2015 RIDE
Thanks to this interaction between heterogeneous agent, taking as a basis has been established spiral of innovation, the dynamism of these propellers and this can be called a fourth helix (Ahonen & Hämäläinen, 2012;. Arnkil et al, 2010) this fourth helix or quadruple helix, known as the "civil society", ie, one intermediate people to regulate the participation of the three actors or propellers to generate innovation.
This quadruple helix or civil society was a project to optimize the benefits of globalization and innovation of small and medium enterprises (SMEs).In addition the project was to strengthen the policy of local and regional authorities and their ability to support innovation more effectively (Ahonen & Hämäläinen, 2012).The role of the fourth helix in recent years has been as a co-evolution of the knowledge economy and the knowledge society (Carayannis, Barth, and Campbell, 2012;) In this sense authors like Carayannis, Barth, and Campbell (2012;Carayannis & Campbell (2014) resume from the triple helix Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff (1995) and the quadruple helix "civil society" in Ahonen & Hämäläinen (2012); Arnkil et al., (2010) to generate a new propeller, so the authors had not considered in their texts, they call the "Fivefold Helix".
This Fivefold Helix supports the formation of win-win between ecology and innovation, the creation of synergies with the economy, society and democracy, that is, this propeller quintuple is one of the quadruple helix "plus extension", and which it represents further development and evolution in the thinking that integrates ecology and environment in the era of the knowledge society and innovation.Also refers to this propeller quintuple is seen beyond sustainable or sustainable development can mean and imply an eco-innovation and eco-emprendurismo (Carayannis & Campbell, 2014)

Successful experiences of linking heterogeneous agents in the international context
Linking academia with the company in the United States, reflecting efforts to persuade colleges to help private interests first "Morrill Act" in 1872 (Rivera and Cuellar 2013 was achieved ).High linking universities with private companies, mainly in high technology, began in the late seventies and has accelerated this trend since at that time until today of this century.
First, universities resisted during the early 80'sa maintain federal funding for research and the situation only worsened with cut military research in the nineties, after the collapse of the Soviet Union.However universities needed to develop new sources of funding for research funds and the private sector was the one who took the place of military research.
Second, with the challenging Japanese industry in the seventies and American industry in decline, many politicians demanded an increased return on investment of most universities (Rivera and Cuéllar, 2013), for projects between companies and incubators Office "Technology Licensing" of Stanford University, who is currently producing between 150 and 180 discoveries per year, where Professor Henry Etzkowitz founder and president of the international association of the Triple Helix participates.
According to the investigations of Acworth, (2008)

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These three types of models of the triple helix, present them to differentiate the role and structure of each evolution of the model at the time of construction, which are shown below: first model refers to the "Triple Helix I", where the state covers, monitors and coordinates industry and academia and from then regulates the relations between the institutional level, since it referred authors and Canales (2011) that science, technology and innovation has been a priority for the government, precisely to control other heterogeneous agents as the university and the company.b) Triple helix II The second model, the separation of the institutional sphere has strong division boundaries."Laissez-Faire" derived French word meaning "to stop and let go", that is, each institution or propeller completely independent and free to act in their own markets, no one is imposed.c) Triple helix III as a third model that even the participation of academia, government and industry are generating a whole different knowledge infrastructure aimed at innovation in terms of institutional overlapping areas, each in the role of the other and with hybrid organizations emerging recently can no longer work alone like the model II "Laissez-Faire", as the phenomenon of globalization brings a range of skills, innovations etc. Obliges actors from academia, industry and government support each other to achieve obtain a competition with international markets, ie recently in developed countries perceived to work and interact in a collaborative network between heterogeneous agents (University, public research centers, business and government) that point to a new understanding, I referred authorsCasas & Dettmer (2006), that knowledge is learning by doing and using, while innovation is learning by interacting, in this sense these agents heterogeneous interacting, generating and applying scientific, technological and innovation Model III is considered to be more consolidated for successful bonding, this can generate knowledge through innovation and economic development, I said Muñoz (2010), for higher education and research today form the cultural, socio-economic and ecologically sustainable development of individuals, communities and nations.Albert and Laberge   (2007)  analyze this model triple helix III as a model whose general framework is evolutionary and institutional economics, as explainedCanales (2011), there are different stages of economic development, moving from the era industry to a contemporary, in this sense Schumpeterian approaches in economic theory, supplemented by a sociological documents the process of linking heterogeneous agents specifically university-industry-government in the UK, in order to generate innovation in their research describes an alternative model to solve problems the productive sector, a model that articulates the University of Cambridge and the Technological Institute of Masachushett (Cambridge-MIT Institute (CMI)), which was created in 2000, as a vehicle and model specifically for the integration of knowledge in community ( Knowledge Integration Community (KIC)), to enhance the development of links between university-industry-government, this model was created by the UK government, as tienía knowledge of the needs of the productive and social sector, which is why a model that can connect universities, the productive sector and the government to improve the competitiveness, productivity and the entire enterprise with a focus on