El CINVESTAV y el SNI : 21 años de producción científica ( 1991-2011 ) SNI and CINVESTAV 21 years of scientific production ( 1991-2011 )

The present work shows that productivity researchers have attached to CINVESTAV (CINVESTAV) National Research System (SNI). Productivity is measured using the number of publications in journals indexed in the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) Revista Iberoamericana para la Investigación y el Desarrollo Educativo ISSN 2007 7467 Vol. 6, Núm. 11 Julio Diciembre 2015 RIDE produced by Thomson Reuters. The sample includes all CINVESTAV researchers belonging to at least one year SNI and the analysis period is 21 years (1991-2011). At work productivity is also compared with five universities: the Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), the Autonomous Metropolitan University (UAM), the National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), the University of Guadalajara (University of Guadalajara) and the Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon (UANL). It shows that productivity has CINVESTAV leadership in four of the seven areas of SNI.


Introduction
In Mexico, since the creation of the National System of Researchers (SNI) in 1984, the academic sector has made a special emphasis on scientific productivity, especially in those The July 26, 1984 was created SNI by decree of President Miguel de la Madrid in response to the situation facing the scientific community by the crisis of 1982.It was then formulated as a choice of financial support to this community, but at the both as a means of recognition for his work.A plus thirty years after its creation, the SNI has also been an economic support, support for the creation of uniform standards in the scientific evaluation of the whole country, so lucky to belong to this system not only affects wages but on the status of the scientific community.
The effects of individual level are extrapolated to institutional, as the SNI has become a decisive factor assessment for universities and / or research centers, which is why many universities have made efforts to count among its ranks researchers this distinction, because in a way reflects the quality of the research conducted within the institution.
In Figure 1 we can see that the growth of the system was held in 1991-1993, leading to a drop in the number of researchers.In 1997 this recovers and makes a faster rate of growth compared to previous years.
The decrease observed between 1992 and 1994 shows the change in Regulation (Asomoza Palacio, 2005) which was implemented for the -a income from 1993 was required to join this system reach the degree of doctor, so many members left (see Figure 2).In addition, it is noted that members were mostly left candidates, while other levels were not significantly change.

Figure 2. Number of researchers per level in the SNI
Although the SNI was divided into four areas of knowledge from 1991 to 1998 and later extended to seven (Figure 3), these show growth over time, highlighting areas Biology and  1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008   As the number of researchers by gender, Figure 4 shows that the participation of women in the Mexican investigation remained at a nearly linear rate from 1991 to 2000; after this year further growth is observed, however, also it notes that most of the members who left the system in 1993 were the level of candidate and who were also men; the percentage of women in the system began with 24% attendance in 1991 and ended with 34% in 2011, representing an increase of 10% in 20 years.Africa and Australia). Figure 6 shows the proportion of members of the system by obtaining country level, but the NIS area of knowledge is obvious that the United States is the country with the highest demand for postgraduate studies abroad, with Europe being the second option.During the period 1991-2011, as expected, the UNAM University has been more SNI members in its ranks, while CINVESTAV remained the second institution during 1991 to 1999.After this decade, the UAM he overcame placed as the second university with more members within the SNI.For 2011, as shown in Table 1, the UNAM with 20% representation was ranked as the first university with the largest number of members in the SIN, the UAM as the second institution with 5%, the National Polytechnic Institute as the 201 0 201 1 CINVESTAV 5.5 5.57 6.06 6.21 5.54 5.83 6.13 6.27 6.22 6.12 5.9 5.39 5.61 5.02 4. third with 4%, CINVESTAV the fourth with 3.8%, the University of Guadalajara and the fifth with 3.7% and the Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon as the sixth with 2.5% representation.Figure 8 shows the comparison between the six universities with more members from the SNI (court dated 2011), this shows that the UNAM has greater representation in the system, but is decreasing over time due to growing income system of researchers from other research centers.Moreover, this phenomenon occurs for the rest of the universities, except for the IPN, which although very little has been growing.As for the distribution of members by area of knowledge CINVESTAV SIN, Figure 9 shows that for 2011, the areas of Engineering (Area 7) and biology and chemistry are the two areas with the largest number of members SNI, both with 27%, followed by the area of  Figure 10 shows the distribution of SNI members belonging to CINVESTAV, according to the country of obtaining degree and also compared with other universities.You can see that in the CINVESTAV, like other institutions, more than half of its researchers obtained the degree in Mexico; also it has the highest percentage of getting degrees abroad: 50%, followed by the UANL, UNAM and UAM (47%, 43% and 41% respectively), while the IPN shows 33% and 39% of UdeG graduate researchers abroad.

Scientific production
In the past three decades, Mexican researchers significantly increased the number of international publications in ISI (Figure 11).There are several reasons for this increase.In   In Figure 14, we can see that in the early nineties the difference of the average of publications by institutions was very small, however, with the passage of time CINVESTAV took off and remained in the lead; Also, the UNAM remained second until 2007 when the IPN matched his production, but in later years the Institute turned into second place.For its part, the UAM that until 2000 was located in the third position, was overcome with minimal difference in the UANL that from 2007 exceeded the UAM; Finally, the University of Guadalajara remained in last place.

Figure 14. Average annual publication by Institution
Following is a breakdown of the average of publications is presented annually for selected institutions, and compared with the average productivity of SNI by knowledge area.
In area 1 (Figure 15), CINVESTAV maintains the lead with an average more than 4 items in 2011.The UNAM has a productivity slightly above average with almost NIS 2 items in 2011.The productivity of the UAM in turn, it presents a sustained growth very similar to the overall average, however, after 2006 drops below this in 2011 to reach an average of 1.2 articles.The IPN and UANL present an interesting growth from both institutions in 2006 and 2011 equal to 1.2 UAM items.
In area 2 (Figure 16), again the productivity of CINVESTAV and UNAM are superior to other institutions.However, in 2006 there is a very important for the rest of the institutions, so that the IPN after being below the overall average achieved by 2011 overcome and have achieved an average growth of 1.7 articles, surpassing the 1.5 items CINVESTAV and standing below 1.8 UNAM.For its part, the UAM new account is held very close to the overall average and ends with an average of 1.4, while the UANL has UdeG 1.2 and 0.9.In area 4 (Figure 18), the UNAM maintained its leadership in productivity until 2006, where it appears that productivity IPN increased very dramatically to reach the first place, it is also noteworthy that the University of Guadalajara and UANL from 2008 manage to overcome production and UNAM, meanwhile, it remains UAM university with less productivity in this area.In summary, Figure 22 shows the average number of publications during the 21 years of analysis of this study ; this clearly shows that the CINVESTAV is the institution with the greatest historical production with an average of 1.15 articles per year, followed by the UNAM with 0.71 and third is the IPN with 0.58 publications per year.
Another interesting point is the number of international publications (Figure 23) that are generated by members of the SNI, in this regard as the previous figure CINVESTAV has the highest average with 0.42 items, representing 36% of its publications; UNAM is the second institution with more international publications with an average of 0.25, meaning that 35% of articles are international; thirdly almost a dead heat with the IPN is located UANL with an average of 0.14, which represents 24% of its articles; UAM with an average of 0.1 (23% of production) is in fifth place.Finally, in this section we show the historical average of publications by country of obtaining degree of SNI members per university.Figure 25 shows that all researchers who obtained the degree in the United States have higher production than what obtained in Europe, only in the case of the production of members UdeG grade in Mexico is higher even than the United States.

Conclusions
The importance of scientific presence of an institution of higher level has implications for social, political and economic life of our country, and certainly the CINVESTAV to 51 publications and citations.Although in more recent Regulations SNI mentioned as research products, books, book chapters, patents and technological developments, the consultative commission still give an important weight to publications and citations, especially in Exact Sciences and Biology Chemistry and Health Sciences.Other research products such as books, book chapters and patents, are more valued in the other four areas of knowledge: Social Sciences, Humanities and Behavioral Sciences, Agricultural Sciences and Biotechnology and Engineering.The National Research System (SNI) and the CINVESTAV (CINVESTAV), are undoubtedly two pillars of Mexican scientists who have contributed to scientific development in our country, the first to recognize the work of people engaged in the creation of scientific and technological knowledge in Mexico, and the second with the conviction to perform and promote scientific research in Mexico and offer quality graduate studies.CINVESTAV was created in 1961 as an autonomous public agency, and began with four departments: Physics, Physiology, Mathematics and Electrical Engineering.Since its creation emphasized the educational reform of the seventies, in the creation of the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT) and other policies of the time 1.The National System of Researchers.
Figure 1.Number of researchers assigned to the SNI.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Number of Researchers by Area SNI.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Evolution of SNI researchers by gender.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Percentage of SNI members by country for obtaining degree Figure 5 shows the proportion of SNI members by country in obtaining the degree with which most researchers have studied a postgraduate course in the country, while 24% received it from a country of the European continent, 11% researchers studied a postgraduate in the United States and only 3% in other continents (Latin America, Asia,

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Percentage of SNI members by area of the country in obtaining degree

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Proportion of members of SNI by institution.
Physics and Mathematics and the Earth with 18%; the areas of Biotechnology and Agricultural Sciences (Area 6) and Medicine and Health Sciences contribute 10% respectively, with 7% the area of Humanities and Behavioral (Area 4) and only 1% of Social Sciences (Area 5).The above figures can be explained by the number of graduate programs in the CINVESTAV, for example, the case that areas 4 and 5 are the least representative, in part due to the Centre only offer three PhDs and 3 masters in this area, while the Area 7 offer 9 doctoral and 10 master's degrees in the area of Technology and Engineering Sciences, making it one of the most representative.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Distribution of members CINVESTAV by area in 2011.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Proportion of SNI members by country for obtaining degree.
27 667 researchers from all areas of knowledge and have been part of the National Research System (SNI) at least one year was obtained.To measure the research results of 1991-2011, a database of publications and citations of Science and Social Sciences Citation Index, developed by the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI) was obtained; publications were obtained through a crossing of information between the base of SNI and the ISI from 1991 to 2011 along with corresponding to each item in 2011 (ISI, 2012) appointments, obtaining a sample of 266 451 articles published in that lapse.
1984, SNI was created and with it a new culture of evaluation and supervision of scientific work, prompting researchers have had to show a continuous productivity to enter and remain in this elite group of scientists.In 1991 the first World Bank loan for the Support of Scientific and Technical Activities (PACIME), and the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT) established new programs aimed at strengthening the scientific capacity of the country was granted and, therefore, improve conditions for scientists to publish in refereed journals.In the mid-nineties stimulus programs were established to research in most public higher education institutions.With this, the pressure to publish is greatly increased, as these new incentives came to represent up to a third of the income of a researcher.Another factor was that from the second half of the eighties saw an expansion in the number of magazines and scientific publications in the world.Virtually all countries show an increase in the number of publications.

Figure 12 Figure 12 .
Figure 12 shows the number of articles published in Thomson Reuters ISI, by area INS.Despite the significant growth of publications of Mexican researchers, areas 4 and 5 have remained almost constant series of publications within the study period, this largely due to the tradition of these areas not to publish this type magazines, and generate other products

Figure 18 .
Figure 18.Average annual publication Area 4.In areas 4 and 5, the measure of productivity in ISI publications has been relatively very low compared to other areas of knowledge.However, a notable increase in recent years, as shown in Figure20in the area of Social Sciences, UNAM distinction of being the

Figure 19 .
Figure 19.Average annual publication Area 5.In the area 6 (Figure20), CINVESTAV again stresses his productivity, however, the UAM together with the UNAM maintained a small difference in productivity in 2006 increased its productivity to the extent that overcame a CINVESTAV Articles average of 1.8 in 2011.The IPN also experienced significant growth to the extent that in 2007 exceeded the UNAM and finished with an average of 1.6 items to 2011.The UANL experienced similar growth in 2007 thus equaled UNAM.

Figure 22 .
Figure 22.Average Historical Publications by Institution.

Figure 25 .
Figure 25.Average of publications by country of obtaining degree.

Revista Iberoamericana para la Investigación y el Desarrollo Educativo ISSN 2007 -7467 Vol. 6, Núm. 11 Julio -Diciembre 2015 RIDE 20
Training human resources in science and technology is by far a priority point of scientific political agenda in Mexico(Special Program of Science, Technology and Innovation 2014-  , 2014).The creation of CONACYT in 1971, was a starting point for the formation of human resources at the graduate level, to the extent that the scholarship program for graduate studies at national or international level has been throughout its history the most important of that body(CONACYT, 2000).However, other governmental institutions supporting this cause, such as the recent Faculty Improvement Program (PROMEP) having a budget for the study of high-quality graduate teachers who are active in institutions of higher education from the country.With these programs, a good percentage of Mexicans have had the opportunity to do postgraduate studies.

Table 1 .
Number of members of SNI by Institution Source: