Evaluación de las interpretaciones sobre los desafíos y prejuicios en el liderazgo de mujeres. Un análisis factorial exploratorio

  • Claudia Alejandra Hernández Herrera Instituto Politécnico Nacional

Resumen

La presencia de las mujeres en los puestos de liderazgo sigue siendo limitada, a pesar de los esfuerzos para captar y promover el talento de las mujeres en los sectores. Sin embargo, los avances se desdibujan o no son tan visibles debido a la amplia brecha de género en los ambientes laborales. El objetivo es analizar las percepciones con respecto a los desafíos y los prejuicios del liderazgo femenino para identificar los obstáculos a los que se enfrentan las mujeres líderes y de esta forma visibilizar el fenómeno. Es un estudio cuantitativo y transversal. Los datos se obtuvieron por medio de un cuestionario tipo Likert, con 392 participantes. Se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio que identificó dos factores, y se aplicó un modelo lineal generalizado. Los hallazgos revelan que las mujeres enfrentan desafíos significativos para ser tomadas en serio, ser promovidas y recibir oportunidades de liderazgo, además de experimentar un mayor escrutinio cuando tienen hijos. En cuanto a los prejuicios, las mujeres líderes son percibidas como menos autoritarias y carismáticas, y menos capaces de liderar en situaciones de crisis. Asimismo, las mujeres expresaron una preferencia por tener jefas mujeres en lugar de hombres. En conclusión, resulta crucial implementar políticas que reduzcan estas barreras y promuevan la equidad de género en el liderazgo. Además, se debe fomentar una cultura organizacional inclusiva que valore las competencias de liderazgo independientemente del género. Finalmente, es importante ofrecer programas de mentoría y apoyo a las mujeres para fortalecer su confianza y habilidades en roles de liderazgo.

Descargas

La descarga de datos todavía no está disponible.

Citas

Adams, R. B., & Funk, P. (2012). Beyond the glass ceiling: Does gender matter? Management Science, 58(2), 219-235. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1110.1452

Ammerman, C., & Groysberg, B. (2021). How to close the gender gap. You have to be systematic. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2021/05/how-to-close-the-gender-gap

Berry, P., & Franks, T. J. (2010). Women in the world of corporate business: Looking at the glass ceiling. Contemporary Issues in Education Research, 3(2), 1-10.

Bian, L., Leslie, S. J., Murphy, M. C., & Cimpian, A. (2018). Messages about brilliance undermine women’s interest in educational and professional opportunities. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 76, 404-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2017.11.006

Bierema, L. L. (2016). Women’s leadership: Troubling notions of the “ideal” (male) leader. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 18(2), 119-136. https://doi.org/10.1177/15234223166413

Bowles, H. R. (2012). Claiming authority: How women explain their ascent to top business leadership positions. Research in Organizational Behavior, 32, 189-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2012.10.005

Bruckmüller, S., Ryan, M. K., Rink, F., & Haslam, S. A. (2014). Beyond the glass ceiling: The glass cliff and its lessons for organizational policy. Social Issues and Policy Review, 8(1), 202-232. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12006

Camarena Adame, M. E., & Saavedra García, M. L. (2018). El techo de cristal en México. La ventana. Revista de estudios de género, 5(47), 312-347. https://doi.org/10.32870/lv.v5i47.6680

Carli, L. L. (2018). Women, power, and the career labyrinth. In C. B. Travis & J. W. White (Eds.), APA handbook of the psychology of women, Vol. 2. American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C., pp 349–365. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000060-019

Christofides, L. N., Polycarpou, A., & Vrachimis, K. (2013). Gender wage gaps, ‘sticky floors’ and ‘glass ceilings’ in Europe. Labour Economics, 21, 86-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2013.01.003

Coleman, M. (2020). Women leaders in the workplace: Perceptions of career barriers, facilitators and change. Irish Educational Studies, 39(2), 233-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2019.1697952

Correll, S. J., Weisshaar, K. R., Wynn, A. T., & Wehner, J. D. (2020). Inside the black box of organizational life: The gendered language of performance appraisal. American Sociological Review, 85(6), 1022-1050. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122420962080

Dirik, D. (2021). Leader power bases and perceived leader effectiveness: Conservation of gender stereotypes. Current Psychology, 40(12), 6175-6186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01169-2

Eagly, A. H., & Carli, L. L. (2007). Through the labyrinth: The truth about how women become leaders. Harvard Business School Press. https://hbsp.harvard.edu/product/1691-HBK-ENG

Eagly, A. H., & Carli, L. L. (2018). Women and the labyrinth of leadership. In Contemporary issues in leadership (pp. 147-162). Routledge. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17886484/

Eagly, A. H., & Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C. (2001). The leadership styles of women and men. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 781-797. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00241

Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109(3), 573-598. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.109.3.573

Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (1982). Inferred sex differences in status as a determinant of gender stereotypes about social influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(5), 915–928. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.43.5.915

Haslam, S. A., & Ryan, M. K. (2008). The road to the glass cliff: Differences in the perceived suitability of men and women for leadership positions in succeeding and failing organizations. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(5), 530-546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.07.011

Heilman, M. E. (2001). Description and prescription: How gender stereotypes prevent women's ascent up the organizational ladder. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 657-674. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00234

Katila, S., & Eriksson, P. (2013). He is a firm, strong-minded and empowering leader, but is she? Gendered positioning of female and male CEOs. Gender, Work & Organization, 20(1), 71-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2011.00570.x

Koburtay, T., & Syed, J. (2019). A contextual study of female-leader role stereotypes in the hotel sector. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(1), 52-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1560454

Koenig, A. M., Eagly, A. H., Mitchell, A. A., & Ristikari, T. (2011). Are leader stereotypes masculine? A meta-analysis of three research paradigms. Psychological Bulletin, 137(4), 616-642. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023557

Kulik, C. T., & Rae, B. (2019). The glass ceiling in organizations. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Business and Management. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190224851.013.41

Malin, L., Wise, R. (2018). Glass Ceilings, Glass Escalators and Revolving Doors. In: Ritschard, G., Studer, M. (eds) Sequence Analysis and Related Approaches. Life Course Research and Social Policies, vol 10. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95420-2_4

Marin, A. A., & Parra, J. C. V. (2020). Las barreras del desarrollo laboral de las mujeres. Una aproximación latinoamericana. América Crítica, 4(1), 59-65. https://doi.org/10.13125/americacritica/3867

Mohan, G., Seijts, G. & Miller, R. (2023). Does Leader Character Have a Gender?. J Bus Ethics 188, 169–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05313-9

Moscatelli, S., Menegatti, M., Ellemers, N., Mariani, M. G., & Rubini, M. (2020). Men should be competent, women should have it all: Multiple criteria in
the evaluation of female job candidates. Sex Roles, 83(5–6), 269–288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-019-01111-2

Oliver Wyman. (2024). Making the invisible visible: What’s preventing progress on women in leadership. https://www.oliverwyman.com/our-expertise/insights/2021/jan/women-in-leadership-making-the-invisible-visible.html

Parsons, T. (1951). The social system. Free Press.

Rahim, A. G., Akintunde, O., Afolabi, A. A., & Okikiola, I. O. (2018). The glass ceiling conundrum: Illusory belief or barriers that impede women’s career advancement in the workplace. University of Lagos Library. https://ir.unilag.edu.ng/handle/123456789/10554

Rivera-Romano, L. S., Fresno, C., Hernández-Lemus, E., Martínez-García, M., & Vallejo, M. (2020). Gender imbalance in executive management positions at the Mexican National Institutes of Health. Human Resources for Health, 18, 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-020-0463-4

Rodríguez, T. M. (2021). El empoderamiento y la sororidad en los liderazgos femeninos: Un estudio exploratorio en mujeres ejecutivas. En R. Maciel Arellano, M. Gómez, & M. H. Cruz-Herrera (Coords.), Liderazgo e innovación: Mujeres en acción (pp. 21–39). Universidad de Guadalajara / Ediciones de la Noche.

Rudman, L. A., Moss-Racusin, C. A., Phelan, J. E., & Nauts, S. (2012). Status incongruity and backlash effects: Defending the gender hierarchy motivates prejudice against female leaders. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(1), 165-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.10.008

Salahuddin, A., Mahmood, Q.K. & Ahmad, A. (2022). Breaking second glass ceiling: lived experiences of women entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Qual Quant 56, 61–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-021-01119-5

Sanchez, C. M., & Lehnert, K. (2019). The unbearable heaviness of leadership: The effects of competency, negatives, and experience on women's aspirations to leadership. Journal of Business Research, 95, 182-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2018.10.033

Smith, P., Crittenden, N., & Caputi, P. (2012). Measuring women’s beliefs about glass ceilings: Development of the Career Pathways Survey. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 27(2), 68–80. https://doi.org/10.1108/17542411211214130

Stuhlmacher, A. F., & Poitras, J. (2010). Gender and job role congruence: A field study of trust in labor mediators. Sex Roles, 63, 489-499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-010-9844-9

Tabassum, N., & Nayak, B. S. (2021). Gender stereotypes and their impact on women’s career progressions from a managerial perspective. IIM Kozhikode Society & Management Review, 10(2), 192-208. https://doi.org/10.1177/22779752209755

Turner, R.H. (2001). Role Theory. In: Turner, J.H. (eds) Handbook of Sociological Theory. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-36274-6_12

Vial, A. C., Napier, J. L., & Brescoll, V. L. (2016). A bed of thorns: Female leaders and the self-reinforcing cycle of illegitimacy. The Leadership Quarterly, 27(3), 400–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2015.12.004

Wolfram, H. J., Alfermann, D., & Athenstaedt, U. (2020). Gender, gender self-perceptions, and workplace leadership. Handbook of labor, human resources and population economics, 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57365-6_22-1
Publicado
2025-09-06
Cómo citar
Hernández Herrera, C. A. (2025). Evaluación de las interpretaciones sobre los desafíos y prejuicios en el liderazgo de mujeres. Un análisis factorial exploratorio. RIDE Revista Iberoamericana Para La Investigación Y El Desarrollo Educativo, 16(31). https://doi.org/10.23913/ride.v16i31.2585
Sección
Artículos Científicos

Artículos más leídos del mismo autor/a

1 2 > >>